16강 조선 후기의 정치 (1 붕당 정치의 전개와 변질)

1.  What is the criterion for distinguishing between the early and late Joseon periods?

 

 

조선 후기의 구분 기준:

• 조선 전기와 후기는 대체로 '임진왜란(1592년)'을 기점으로 나뉘며, 이 전쟁을 통해 사회, 경제, 정치 구조에 큰 변화가 발생했다.

The early and late Joseon periods are generally divided based on the 'Imjin War (1592)', as this war brought significant changes to the social, economic, and political structures of the time.

 

2.  Did the people of the Gojoseon period call their country "Gojoseon"?

 

조선과 고조선의 구분:

• '고조선'은 후대 학자들이 당시의 조선과 구분하기 위해 붙인 이름이다. 고조선 시대 사람들은 자신들의 나라를 '조선'이라 불렀다.

"Gojoseon" is a name given by later scholars to distinguish it from the Joseon Dynasty established by Yi Seong-gye. During the Gojoseon period, people referred to their country simply as "Joseon."

 

 

3.  What is factional politics?

 

붕당 정치와 사림파:

• 붕당 정치는 조선 중기의 정치 형태로, 사림파가 훈구파를 대체하며 형성된 다양한 정파(동인, 서인 등) 간의 경쟁을 뜻한다.
• 사림파와 훈구파라는 명칭도 후대 학자들이 편의상 붙인 이름이다.

Factional politics refers to the political structure of mid-Joseon, characterized by competition among various factions (such as Dongin and Seoin) that emerged as the Sarim faction replaced the Hun'gu faction. The terms "Sarim" and "Hun'gu" were also later coined by scholars for convenience.

 

 

4.  Who are the Bukin, Seoin, Namin, and Dongin?

 

북인, 서인, 남인의 구분:

• 동인은 남인과 북인으로 나뉘었고, 서인은 그대로 남았다.
• 명칭은 정치적 성향과 지역적 배경에 따라 구분되었으며, 후대에 붙여진 것이다.
• 북인은 급진적 성향을 띠며 정여립, 이이첨 등이 대표적인 인물이다.

The Dongin faction split into Namin (Southerners) and Bukin (Northerners), while the Seoin (Westerners) remained intact. These names were later assigned based on political tendencies and regional backgrounds. The Bukin were known for their radical stance, with figures like Jeong Yeo-rip and Yi I-cheom as representative leaders.

 

5.  What is the "Injo Restoration" in brief?

인조반정:

• 1623년 광해군의 폭정을 반발해 서인과 남인이 일으킨 정변으로, 광해군이 폐위되고 인조가 즉위했다.
• 광해군은 폐위 후 '군(君)'의 칭호를 사용했다.

The Injo Restoration refers to the coup in 1623 led by the Seoin (Westerners) and Namin (Southerners) in response to Gwanghaegun's tyrannical rule. As a result, Gwanghaegun was dethroned, and Injo ascended to the throne. After his dethronement, Gwanghaegun was referred to with the title "Gun (君)."

 

6.  What was King Hyojong's Northern Expedition policy?

 

효종과 북벌 정책:

• 병자호란 이후 효종은 북벌을 추진했으나 현실적인 한계로 인해 실현되지 못했다.
• 서인과 남인은 북벌 정책을 두고 대립했다.

After the Second Manchu Invasion of Korea (Byeongja Horan), King Hyojong pursued a Northern Expedition to retaliate against the Qing dynasty. However, it was never realized due to practical limitations. The Seoin (Westerners) and Namin (Southerners) were divided over the policy.

 

7.  What is the "Yesong Dispute"?

예송 논쟁:

• 효종과 효종비 사망 후 자의 대비의 복상 기간을 두고 서인(1년설)과 남인(3년설) 간의 전례 논쟁이 발생했다.
• 예송은 당시 왕실 권위와 정치적 입지를 결정하는 중요한 논쟁이었다.

After the deaths of King Hyojong and Queen Hyojong, a ceremonial dispute arose between the Seoin (Westerners), who advocated for a one-year mourning period, and the Namin (Southerners), who argued for a three-year period for Queen Dowager Jaui. The Yesong Dispute was a critical debate that shaped royal authority and political positions at the time.

 

8.  What is "Hwan'guk," the transformed form of factional politics in late Joseon?

 

환국:

• 붕당 정치는 변질되며 정권 교체(환국)가 빈번히 일어났다.
• 대표적인 환국: 경신환국(서인의 집권), 기사환국(남인의 집권), 갑술환국(서인의 재집권).

Factional politics in late Joseon became increasingly corrupt, leading to frequent power shifts known as "Hwan'guk" (regime changes). Notable examples include the Gyeongsin Hwan'guk (Seoin's rise to power), the Gisa Hwan'guk (Namin's rise to power), and the Gapsul Hwan'guk (Seoin's return to power).

 

9.  What are "Noron" and "Soron," which split from the Seoin faction?

 

노론과 소론:

• 서인 내부에서 강경파(노론)와 온건파(소론)로 분열.
• 노론은 보수적이고 정통성을 강조, 소론은 개방적이고 실용적인 정책 지향.

Within the Seoin faction, there was a split into the hardliners, Noron, and the moderates, Soron. The Noron were conservative and emphasized legitimacy and tradition, while the Soron were more progressive and favored practical and open policies.